# Electromagnetism

P.S. I just enabled Markdown for wordpress and so I’m giving wordpress another shot with Markdown, but otherwise, I find myself updating my github and writing there much more frequently because of their excellent and superior version control, terminal commands, and web interface, displaying automatically pdfs, markdown code, etc.

I was reviewing Electric propulsion which led me to review Electromagnetism, in view of differential geometry, and its covariant formulation.

All of Maxwell’s equations are contained in the following 2 statements:

$dF = 0$
$dF = 4\pi **J$ (cgs) or $dF = **J$ (SI).

Here is a reprint of my jupyter notebook on my github repository Propulsion (you’ll need Sage Math and sagemanifolds) EMsage.ipynb where I show with the Minkowski metric that you recover the usual form of Maxwell’s equations, and give the differential form formulation of the Lorentz Force. This is usually shown “by hand” in textbooks, but I show it with Sage Math and sagemanifolds (stop doing tedious calculations by hand!). I want to encourage people to try their own metric beyond the Minkowski metric and make calculations for Electromagnetism in different spacetimes.

# Electromagnetism

Running Sage Math and sagemanifolds with jupyter notebooks tip: First, I’ve found that compiling from the github source the development Sage Math version (see my notes on this under the “Computers” section of my wordpress blog) works with sagemanifolds and either installing sagemanifolds into the binary that you unpack out (the click, download, double click), “breaks” Sage and so that it doesn’t run. Also, following the Sage Math instructions on their website for building from the source didn’t work for me (!!!???).

As a tip on how to run this jupyter notebook and have sagemanifolds available, you’d want to be in the working directory you desire (e.g. Propulsion/EM). But yet your Sage Math build is somewhere else (e.g. /home/topolo/Public/sage). Do this out of the working directory you’re currently working out of:
/home/topolo/Public/sage/sage -n jupyter

For the rationale, or the math, and how the math corresponds directly to the Sage Math code here, you’re going to want to look at Gravity_Notes_grande.pdf in my Gravite repository, and in there, the $\mathbb{R}^3$ section, because I define the charts and atlases for Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^3$ as a smooth manifold.

M = Manifold(4,'M',r'M')
cart_ch = M.chart('t x y z')
U = M.open_subset('U',coord_def={cart_ch: (cart_ch[1]<0, cart_ch[2]!=0)})
cart_ch_U = cart_ch.restrict(U)
sph_ch = U.chart(r'tsp:(-oo,oo):t_{sp} rh:(0,+oo):\rho th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
tsph, rh,th,ph = [sph_ch[i[0]] for i in M.index_generator(1)]
transit_sph_to_cart = sph_ch.transition_map(cart_ch_U,
[tsph,rh*sin(th)*cos(ph),rh*sin(th)*sin(ph),rh*cos(th)])
Sphnorm = sqrt(sum([cart_ch_U[i]**2 for i in range(1,4)]))
transit_sph_to_cart.set_inverse( cart_ch[0], Sphnorm,
atan2(sqrt( sum([ cart_ch_U[i]**2 for i in range(1,3)])),cart_ch_U[3]),
atan2(cart_ch_U[2],cart_ch_U[1]))
cyl_ch = U.chart(r'tcy:(-oo,oo):t_{cy} r:(0,+oo) phi:(0,2*pi):\phi zc')
tcy, r,phi,zc = [cyl_ch[i[0]] for i in M.index_generator(1)]
transit_cyl_to_cart = cyl_ch.transition_map(cart_ch_U, [tcy,r*cos(phi),r*sin(phi),zc])
transit_cyl_to_cart.set_inverse(cart_ch_U[0], sqrt(cart_ch_U[1]**2+cart_ch_U[2]**2),
atan2( cart_ch_U[2],cart_ch_U[1]), cart_ch_U[3])


Note the mostly positive (-+++) convention I use for the Minkowski metric.

g = M.riemannian_metric('g')
g[0,0] = -1
for i in range(1,4): g[i,i] = 1


### Electric Field

def make_E(ch):
"""
make_E = make_E(ch)
make_E creates a time-INDEPENDENT electric field as a 1-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
Ecomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
Earglst = ['E'+str(i),] + list(ch[1:])
Ecomplst.append( function(Earglst[0])(*Earglst[1:]) )
Ecomplst = [0,]+Ecomplst
E = ch.domain().diff_form(1)
E[ch.frame(),:,ch] = Ecomplst
return E

def make_Et(ch):
"""
make_Et = make_Et(ch)
make_Et creates a time-DEPENDENT electric field as a 1-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
Ecomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
Earglst = ['E'+str(i),] + list(ch[:])
Ecomplst.append( function(Earglst[0])(*Earglst[1:]) )
Ecomplst = [0,]+Ecomplst
E = ch.domain().diff_form(1)
E[ch.frame(),:,ch] = Ecomplst
return E


Examples of using make_E, make_Et and displaying the results

print make_E(cart_ch).display()
make_Et(sph_ch).display(sph_ch.frame(),sph_ch)

E1(x, y, z) dx + E2(x, y, z) dy + E3(x, y, z) dz

E1(tsp, rh, th, ph) drh + E2(tsp, rh, th, ph) dth + E3(tsp, rh, th, ph) dph


### Magnetic Field

Programming note: make_B and make_Bt

import itertools
def make_B(ch):
"""
make_B = make_B(ch)
make_B creates a time-INDEPENDENT magnetic field as a 2-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
B = ch.domain().diff_form(2)
farglst = list(ch[1:]) # function argument list, e.g. (x,y,z)

B[ch.frame(),1,2,ch] = function('B_12')(*farglst)
B[ch.frame(),2,3,ch] = function('B_23')(*farglst)
B[ch.frame(),3,1,ch] = function('B_31')(*farglst)

return B

def make_Bt(ch):
"""
make_Bt = make_Bt(ch)
make_Bt creates a time-DEPENDENT electric field as a 2-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
B = ch.domain().diff_form(2)
farglst = list(ch[:]) # function argument list, e.g. (x,y,z)

B[ch.frame(),1,2,ch] = function('B_12')(*farglst)
B[ch.frame(),2,3,ch] = function('B_23')(*farglst)
B[ch.frame(),3,1,ch] = function('B_31')(*farglst)

return B

print make_Bt(cart_ch).display()
make_B(cyl_ch).display(cyl_ch.frame(),cyl_ch)

B_12(t, x, y, z) dx/\dy - B_31(t, x, y, z) dx/\dz + B_23(t, x, y, z) dy/\dz

B_12(r, phi, zc) dr/\dphi - B_31(r, phi, zc) dr/\dzc + B_23(r, phi, zc) dphi/\dzc


Notice that the orientation is correct (with the right hand rule).

## Electromagnetic field 2-form

EM_F = make_Bt(cart_ch) + make_Et(cart_ch).wedge(cart_ch.coframe()[0] )
EM_F.display()

-E1(t, x, y, z) dt/\dx - E2(t, x, y, z) dt/\dy - E3(t, x, y, z) dt/\dz + B_12(t, x, y, z) dx/\dy - B_31(t, x, y, z) dx/\dz + B_23(t, x, y, z) dy/\dz

EM_F[:]

[                0   -E1(t, x, y, z)   -E2(t, x, y, z)   -E3(t, x, y, z)]
[   E1(t, x, y, z)                 0  B_12(t, x, y, z) -B_31(t, x, y, z)]
[   E2(t, x, y, z) -B_12(t, x, y, z)                 0  B_23(t, x, y, z)]
[   E3(t, x, y, z)  B_31(t, x, y, z) -B_23(t, x, y, z)                 0]

latex(EM_F.exterior_der()[:]); # delete the semi-colon ; and you can get the LaTeX code-I suppress it


$dF = \left[\left[\left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[0, 0, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}\right], \left[0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, 0, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}\right], \left[0, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, 0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, 0, 0, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}\right], \left[-\frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}, 0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} – \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, 0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}\right], \left[-\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial y} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial x}, 0, 0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} – \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[\frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}, 0, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, -\frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} – \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}, 0\right], \left[\frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial x}, 0, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}, 0\right], \left[-\frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial {t}} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial y}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial z} – \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial x} – \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial y}, 0, 0\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right]\right]\right] = 0$

EM_F.hodge_dual(g)[:]

[                  0  I*B_23(t, x, y, z)  I*B_31(t, x, y, z)  I*B_12(t, x, y, z)]
[-I*B_23(t, x, y, z)                   0    I*E3(t, x, y, z)   -I*E2(t, x, y, z)]
[-I*B_31(t, x, y, z)   -I*E3(t, x, y, z)                   0    I*E1(t, x, y, z)]
[-I*B_12(t, x, y, z)    I*E2(t, x, y, z)   -I*E1(t, x, y, z)                   0]

g[:]

[-1  0  0  0]
[ 0  1  0  0]
[ 0  0  1  0]
[ 0  0  0  1]


$dF$ (for $dF = 4 \pi * J$)

EM_F.hodge_dual(g).exterior_der()[:]

[[[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0,
0,
I*d(B_23)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dx + I*d(E3)/dt,
-I*d(B_12)/dx + I*d(B_23)/dz - I*d(E2)/dt],
[0,
-I*d(B_23)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dx - I*d(E3)/dt,
0,
-I*d(B_12)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dz + I*d(E1)/dt],
[0,
I*d(B_12)/dx - I*d(B_23)/dz + I*d(E2)/dt,
I*d(B_12)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dz - I*d(E1)/dt,
0]],
[[0,
0,
-I*d(B_23)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dx - I*d(E3)/dt,
I*d(B_12)/dx - I*d(B_23)/dz + I*d(E2)/dt],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[I*d(B_23)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dx + I*d(E3)/dt,
0,
0,
I*d(E1)/dx + I*d(E2)/dy + I*d(E3)/dz],
[-I*d(B_12)/dx + I*d(B_23)/dz - I*d(E2)/dt,
0,
-I*d(E1)/dx - I*d(E2)/dy - I*d(E3)/dz,
0]],
[[0,
I*d(B_23)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dx + I*d(E3)/dt,
0,
I*d(B_12)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dz - I*d(E1)/dt],
[-I*d(B_23)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dx - I*d(E3)/dt,
0,
0,
-I*d(E1)/dx - I*d(E2)/dy - I*d(E3)/dz],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[-I*d(B_12)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dz + I*d(E1)/dt,
I*d(E1)/dx + I*d(E2)/dy + I*d(E3)/dz,
0,
0]],
[[0,
-I*d(B_12)/dx + I*d(B_23)/dz - I*d(E2)/dt,
-I*d(B_12)/dy + I*d(B_31)/dz + I*d(E1)/dt,
0],
[I*d(B_12)/dx - I*d(B_23)/dz + I*d(E2)/dt,
0,
I*d(E1)/dx + I*d(E2)/dy + I*d(E3)/dz,
0],
[I*d(B_12)/dy - I*d(B_31)/dz - I*d(E1)/dt,
-I*d(E1)/dx - I*d(E2)/dy - I*d(E3)/dz,
0,
0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]]]

latex( EM_F.hodge_dual(g).exterior_der()[:] ); # delete the semi-colon ; and you can get the LaTeX code-I suppress it


$\left[\left[\left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[0, 0, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}\right], \left[0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, 0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}\right], \left[0, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, 0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, 0, 0, i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}\right], \left[-i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, 0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, 0, i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}\right], \left[-i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}, 0, 0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right], \left[-i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, 0, 0\right]\right], \left[\left[0, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, -i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, 0\right], \left[i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, 0, i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, 0\right], \left[i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, -i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} – i \, \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, 0, 0\right], \left[0, 0, 0, 0\right]\right]\right]$

EM_F.hodge_dual(g).exterior_der().hodge_dual(g)[:]

[d(E1)/dx + d(E2)/dy + d(E3)/dz,
-d(B_12)/dy + d(B_31)/dz + d(E1)/dt,
d(B_12)/dx - d(B_23)/dz + d(E2)/dt,
d(B_23)/dy - d(B_31)/dx + d(E3)/dt]

latex(EM_F.hodge_dual(g).exterior_der().hodge_dual(g)[:]);
# delete the semi-colon ; and you can get the LaTeX code-I suppress it

\left[\frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}\right]


$\left[\frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} – \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} – \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}\right]$

## Current 1-form, Current conservation, and the other side (Right-Hand Side (RHS)) of $d*F$

def make_J(ch):
"""
make_J = make_J(ch)
make_J creates a time-INDEPENDENT current as a 1-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
Jcomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
Jarglst = ['j'+str(i),] + list(ch[1:])
Jcomplst.append( function(Jarglst[0])(*Jarglst[1:]) )
Jcomplst = [-function('rho')(*list(ch[1:])),] +Jcomplst
J = ch.domain().diff_form(1)
J[ch.frame(),:,ch] = Jcomplst
return J

def make_Jt(ch):
"""
make_Jt = make_Jt(ch)
make_Jt creates a time-DEPENDENT current as a 1-form

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
Jcomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
Jarglst = ['j'+str(i),] + list(ch[:])
Jcomplst.append( function(Jarglst[0])(*Jarglst[1:]) )
Jcomplst = [-function('rho')(*list(ch[:])),]+Jcomplst
J = ch.domain().diff_form(1)
J[ch.frame(),:,ch] = Jcomplst
return J


print make_Jt(cart_ch).display() # these are examples of displaying the 4-current as 1-form in
# Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates
make_Jt(cyl_ch).display(cyl_ch.frame(),cyl_ch)

-rho(t, x, y, z) dt + j1(t, x, y, z) dx + j2(t, x, y, z) dy + j3(t, x, y, z) dz

-rho(tcy, r, phi, zc) dtcy + j1(tcy, r, phi, zc) dr + j2(tcy, r, phi, zc) dphi + j3(tcy, r, phi, zc) dzc

make_Jt(cart_ch).hodge_dual(g).hodge_dual(g).display()

rho(t, x, y, z) dt - j1(t, x, y, z) dx - j2(t, x, y, z) dy - j3(t, x, y, z) dz


So here, I had successfully shown that $dF = **J$ or $dF = 4\pi ** J$ (in cgs units), thus recovering Gauss’s law and Ampere’s law.

latex( make_Jt(cart_ch).hodge_dual(g).hodge_dual(g)[:]);
# delete the semi-colon ; and you can get the LaTeX code-I suppress it


$\boxed{ \left[\frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial z}, -\frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{1}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{12}}{\partial x} – \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial\,E_{2}}{\partial {t}}, \frac{\partial\,B_{23}}{\partial y} – \frac{\partial\,B_{31}}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,E_{3}}{\partial {t}}\right] = \left[\rho\left({t}, x, y, z\right), -j_{1}\left({t}, x, y, z\right), -j_{2}\left({t}, x, y, z\right), -j_{3}\left({t}, x, y, z\right)\right] }$

Current conservation is easily calculated, $dJ=0$:

make_Jt(cart_ch).hodge_dual(g).exterior_der().hodge_dual(g).display(cart_ch)

M --&gt; R
(t, x, y, z) |--&gt; d(j1)/dx + d(j2)/dy + d(j3)/dz + d(rho)/dt


## Lorentz Force

def make_beta(ch):
"""
make_beta = make_beta(ch)
make_beta creates a time-INDEPENDENT velocity field

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
betacomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
betaarglst = ['beta'+str(i),] + list(ch[1:])
betacomplst.append( function(betaarglst[0])(*betaarglst[1:]) )
betacomplst = [1,]+betacomplst
beta = ch.domain().vector_field()
beta[ch.frame(),:,ch] = betacomplst
return beta

def make_betat(ch):
"""
make_betat = make_betat(ch)
make_betat creates a time-DEPENDENT velocity field

INPUT/PARAMETER
ch = sagemanifold chart
"""
betacomplst = []
for i in range(1,4):
betaarglst = ['beta'+str(i),] + list(ch[:])
betacomplst.append( function(betaarglst[0])(*betaarglst[1:]) )
betacomplst = [1,]+betacomplst
beta = ch.domain().vector_field()
beta[ch.frame(),:,ch] = betacomplst
return beta

make_beta(cart_ch).display()

d/dt + beta1(x, y, z) d/dx + beta2(x, y, z) d/dy + beta3(x, y, z) d/dz


For interior products, you’re going to have to dig into how sagemanifolds implements Tensor products, tensor contractions, and the use of index notation, as sagemanifolds doesn’t have a “stand-alone” interior product function. From my EuclideanManifold.py implementation in sagemanifolds, look at my curl function (def curl) as a template for implementing interior products.

betaeg = make_betat(cart_ch)
Beg = make_Bt(cart_ch)
(betaeg['^i']*Beg['_ij']).display()

(-B_12(t, x, y, z)*beta2(t, x, y, z) + B_31(t, x, y, z)*beta3(t, x, y, z)) dx + (B_12(t, x, y, z)*beta1(t, x, y, z) - B_23(t, x, y, z)*beta3(t, x, y, z)) dy + (-B_31(t, x, y, z)*beta1(t, x, y, z) + B_23(t, x, y, z)*beta2(t, x, y, z)) dz


So we now have a prescription on how to implement both the interior product and the curl of 2 “vectors” –
if you want this:

$-i_{\mathbf{\beta}} B$ which is the differential form version of $\mathbf{\beta} \times B$ (curl), then do this in sagemanifolds:

-betaeg['^i']*Beg['_ij']

q = var('q',"real") # define a single charge variable in Sage Math

LorentzForce1form =  make_Et(cart_ch) - make_beta(cart_ch)['^i']*make_Bt(cart_ch)['_ij']


EY : 20160530 I have a question; is there a good way for Sage Math variables such as q in this case (var) to “play with” sagemanifolds tensors? For instance, I obtain this when I multiply a sagemanifolds 1-form by a Sage Math variable (var) q:

q * LorentzForce1form

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()
----&gt; 1 q * LorentzForce1form

/home/topolo/Public/sage/src/sage/structure/element.pyx in sage.structure.element.ModuleElement.__mul__ (/home/topolo/Public/sage/src/build/cythonized/sage/structure/element.c:12191)()
1369         if have_same_parent_c(left, right):
1370             raise TypeError(arith_error_message(left, right, mul))
-&gt; 1371         return coercion_model.bin_op(left, right, mul)
1372
1373     def __imul__(left, right):

/home/topolo/Public/sage/src/sage/structure/coerce.pyx in sage.structure.coerce.CoercionModel_cache_maps.bin_op (/home/topolo/Public/sage/src/build/cythonized/sage/structure/coerce.c:9915)()
1077         # We should really include the underlying error.
1078         # This causes so much headache.
-&gt; 1079         raise TypeError(arith_error_message(x,y,op))
1080
1081     cpdef canonical_coercion(self, x, y):

TypeError: unsupported operand parent(s) for '*': '' and 'Free module /\^1(M) of 1-forms on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M'

5.*LorentzForce1form

1-form on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M


Nevertheless, for $q=1$, then the 1-form version of the Lorentz Force $F$ is given by the following, and keep in mind that we integrate 1-forms, we don’t integrate vectors (because it goes back to how we transport vectors along a curve, and 1-forms either abscond, circumvent, this problem or is the most natural way to do integration on manifolds):

latex( LorentzForce1form.display() );


$F = \left( B_{12}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{2}\left(x, y, z\right) – B_{31}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{3}\left(x, y, z\right) + E_{1}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \right) \mathrm{d} x + \left( -B_{12}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{1}\left(x, y, z\right) + B_{23}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{3}\left(x, y, z\right) + E_{2}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \right) \mathrm{d} y + \left( B_{31}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{1}\left(x, y, z\right) – B_{23}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \beta_{2}\left(x, y, z\right) + E_{3}\left({t}, x, y, z\right) \right) \mathrm{d} z$

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